Compare

Polish Hill River vs Spring Farm

Suburb / Locality comparison ≈ 6.5 km apart · Polish Hill River profile · Spring Farm profile

Polish Hill River Spring Farm

Spring Farm (SA) and Polish Hill River are two sparsely populated neighbouring areas in South Australia. They differ sharply in age and household type; the typical resident in Polish Hill River is far older at 56 compared to 43 in Spring Farm (SA). This is reflected in the seniors population, which is far higher in Polish Hill River at 42.1%. Spring Farm (SA) has a more qualified workforce, with 28.4% of adults holding a bachelor degree or higher compared to 0.0% in Polish Hill River, and a far higher share of people working or looking for work (72.8% versus 54.3%).

Both areas have tracked similarly since 2011, remaining almost entirely car-dependent with very few public transport options. They share several common traits, such as an identical typical weekly family income of $2,750 and no residents who use a language other than English at home. Both areas are also similarly remote, with drive times to the city around 93 to 96 minutes.

Where they differ most

Demographics & Identity

Population in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm +67 larger in Spring Farm gap steady
38 23rd pct 105 42nd pct
  • First area, 2016: 36
  • First area, 2021: 38
  • Second area, 2016: 103
  • Second area, 2021: 105
Median age in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm +13 yrs older in Polish Hill River gap widening
56 yrs 87th pct 43 yrs 43rd pct
  • First area, 2016: 48 yrs
  • First area, 2021: 56 yrs
  • Second area, 2016: 43 yrs
  • Second area, 2021: 43 yrs
First Nations in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm even gap steady
0.0% 0th pct 0.0% 0th pct
  • First area, 2016: 0.0%
  • First area, 2021: 0.0%
  • Second area, 2016: 0.0%
  • Second area, 2021: 0.0%
Aged 65+ in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm +26.9 pts higher in Polish Hill River gap widening
42.1% 98th pct 15.2% 34th pct
  • First area, 2016: 25.0%
  • First area, 2021: 42.1%
  • Second area, 2016: 11.7%
  • Second area, 2021: 15.2%
Under 15 in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm +5.2 pts higher in Spring Farm gap widening
15.8% 41st pct 21.0% 75th pct
  • First area, 2016: 16.7%
  • First area, 2021: 15.8%
  • Second area, 2016: 17.5%
  • Second area, 2021: 21.0%
De facto in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm +13.9 pts higher in Spring Farm gap narrowing
0.0% 0th pct 13.9% 63rd pct
  • First area, 2016: 0.0%
  • First area, 2021: 0.0%
  • Second area, 2016: 16.7%
  • Second area, 2021: 13.9%

Age structure

44.7% Older adults (45–64) ◂ +19.0 pts 25.7%
42.1% Seniors (65+) ◂ +26.9 pts 15.2%
7.9% Young adults (25–44) +14.0 pts ▸ 21.9%
15.8% Children (0–14) +5.2 pts ▸ 21.0%
0.0% Youth (15–24) +4.8 pts ▸ 4.8%

Marital status

65.7% Married ◂ +7.7 pts 58.0%
22.9% Never married ◂ +0.6 pts 22.2%
8.6% Widowed +3.8 pts ▸ 12.3%
0.0% Divorced +6.2 pts ▸ 6.2%
0.0% Separated even 0.0%

Age & sex structure

Polish Hill River Spring Farm

Bars show the share of each area's own population, so differently sized areas stay comparable.

  • 85+ in Polish Hill River: 0.0% males, 0.0% females; 85+ in Spring Farm: 0.0% males, 3.7% females
  • 80–84 in Polish Hill River: 0.0% males, 0.0% females; 80–84 in Spring Farm: 0.0% males, 0.0% females
  • 75–79 in Polish Hill River: 9.7% males, 0.0% females; 75–79 in Spring Farm: 0.0% males, 0.0% females
  • 70–74 in Polish Hill River: 0.0% males, 16.1% females; 70–74 in Spring Farm: 3.7% males, 7.4% females
  • 65–69 in Polish Hill River: 0.0% males, 0.0% females; 65–69 in Spring Farm: 0.0% males, 0.0% females
  • 60–64 in Polish Hill River: 0.0% males, 16.1% females; 60–64 in Spring Farm: 0.0% males, 0.0% females
  • 55–59 in Polish Hill River: 9.7% males, 0.0% females; 55–59 in Spring Farm: 0.0% males, 6.2% females
  • 50–54 in Polish Hill River: 0.0% males, 12.9% females; 50–54 in Spring Farm: 9.9% males, 4.9% females
  • 45–49 in Polish Hill River: 0.0% males, 12.9% females; 45–49 in Spring Farm: 3.7% males, 7.4% females
  • 40–44 in Polish Hill River: 0.0% males, 0.0% females; 40–44 in Spring Farm: 8.6% males, 0.0% females
  • 35–39 in Polish Hill River: 0.0% males, 0.0% females; 35–39 in Spring Farm: 0.0% males, 0.0% females
  • 30–34 in Polish Hill River: 9.7% males, 0.0% females; 30–34 in Spring Farm: 9.9% males, 6.2% females
  • 25–29 in Polish Hill River: 0.0% males, 0.0% females; 25–29 in Spring Farm: 0.0% males, 0.0% females
  • 20–24 in Polish Hill River: 0.0% males, 0.0% females; 20–24 in Spring Farm: 0.0% males, 0.0% females
  • 15–19 in Polish Hill River: 0.0% males, 0.0% females; 15–19 in Spring Farm: 0.0% males, 0.0% females
  • 10–14 in Polish Hill River: 12.9% males, 0.0% females; 10–14 in Spring Farm: 11.1% males, 6.2% females
  • 5–9 in Polish Hill River: 0.0% males, 0.0% females; 5–9 in Spring Farm: 0.0% males, 6.2% females
  • 0–4 in Polish Hill River: 0.0% males, 0.0% females; 0–4 in Spring Farm: 0.0% males, 4.9% females

Ancestry & Birthplace

Born overseas in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm +1.6 pts higher in Spring Farm gap narrowing
7.9% 33rd pct 9.5% 41st pct
  • First area, 2016: 0.0%
  • First area, 2021: 7.9%
  • Second area, 2016: 7.8%
  • Second area, 2021: 9.5%

Country of birth

71.1% Australia +10.9 pts ▸ 81.9%
7.9% England ◂ +2.2 pts 5.7%
0.0% India even 0.0%
0.0% China even 0.0%
0.0% New Zealand even 0.0%
0.0% Philippines even 0.0%
0.0% Vietnam even 0.0%
0.0% Nepal even 0.0%
0.0% Italy even 0.0%
0.0% South Africa even 0.0%

Ancestry

63.2% English ◂ +16.5 pts 46.7%
50.0% Australian +5.2 pts ▸ 55.2%
7.9% Irish +8.3 pts ▸ 16.2%
0.0% German +11.4 pts ▸ 11.4%
10.5% Scottish ◂ +1.0 pts 9.5%
0.0% Chinese even 0.0%
0.0% Italian even 0.0%
0.0% Indian even 0.0%
0.0% Greek even 0.0%
0.0% Dutch even 0.0%
0.0% Filipino even 0.0%
0.0% Vietnamese even 0.0%

Language

Other language in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm even gap narrowing
0.0% 0th pct 0.0% 0th pct
  • First area, 2016: 0.0%
  • First area, 2021: 0.0%
  • Second area, 2016: 4.9%
  • Second area, 2021: 0.0%
Limited English in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm even gap steady
0.0% 0th pct 0.0% 0th pct
  • First area, 2016: 0.0%
  • First area, 2021: 0.0%
  • Second area, 2016: 0.0%
  • Second area, 2021: 0.0%

Language used at home

102.6% English only ◂ +8.3 pts 94.3%
0.0% Mandarin even 0.0%
0.0% Arabic even 0.0%
0.0% Vietnamese even 0.0%
0.0% Cantonese even 0.0%
0.0% Punjabi even 0.0%
0.0% Greek even 0.0%
0.0% Italian even 0.0%
0.0% Hindi even 0.0%
0.0% Tagalog even 0.0%

Religion

No religion in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm +12.2 pts higher in Spring Farm gap widening
31.6% 26th pct 43.8% 60th pct
  • First area, 2016: 19.4%
  • First area, 2021: 31.6%
  • Second area, 2016: 15.5%
  • Second area, 2021: 43.8%

Religious affiliation

68.4% Christianity ◂ +21.8 pts 46.7%
31.6% No religion +12.2 pts ▸ 43.8%
10.5% Not stated ◂ +2.9 pts 7.6%
0.0% Buddhism +2.9 pts ▸ 2.9%
0.0% Islam even 0.0%
0.0% Hinduism even 0.0%
0.0% Judaism even 0.0%
0.0% Other religions even 0.0%

Education & Qualifications

Year 12 in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm +5.7 pts higher in Spring Farm gap narrowing
56.7% 75th pct 62.3% 83rd pct
  • First area, 2016: 38.5%
  • First area, 2021: 56.7%
  • Second area, 2016: 63.5%
  • Second area, 2021: 62.3%
Bachelor+ in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm +28.4 pts higher in Spring Farm gap widening
0.0% 0th pct 28.4% 83rd pct
  • First area, 2016: 9.7%
  • First area, 2021: 0.0%
  • Second area, 2016: 16.7%
  • Second area, 2021: 28.4%
Schools ≤3 km in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm +3 more in Spring Farm
0 0th pct 3 67th pct
— 331 51st pct
— 1,017 65th pct

Highest year of school

56.7% Year 12 +5.7 pts ▸ 62.3%
26.7% Year 11 ◂ +11.1 pts 15.6%
10.0% Year 10 ◂ +6.1 pts 3.9%
0.0% Year 9 or below +9.1 pts ▸ 9.1%

Highest qualification level

46.7% Advanced diploma / diploma ◂ +29.4 pts 17.2%
0.0% Bachelor degree +31.0 pts ▸ 31.0%
20.0% Certificate III / IV +7.6 pts ▸ 27.6%
0.0% Postgraduate degree +8.6 pts ▸ 8.6%
0.0% Graduate diploma / certificate even 0.0%
0.0% Certificate I / II even 0.0%

Field of qualification

26.7% Health ◂ +16.3 pts 10.3%
0.0% Management & commerce +25.9 pts ▸ 25.9%
0.0% Education +17.2 pts ▸ 17.2%
0.0% Natural & physical sciences +10.3 pts ▸ 10.3%
0.0% Society & culture +10.3 pts ▸ 10.3%
0.0% Architecture & building +6.9 pts ▸ 6.9%
0.0% Engineering & related +5.2 pts ▸ 5.2%
0.0% Food, hospitality & personal services +5.2 pts ▸ 5.2%
0.0% Information technology even 0.0%
0.0% Agriculture & environment even 0.0%
0.0% Creative arts even 0.0%

Income

Personal income in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm +$174 higher in Polish Hill River gap widening
$1,187 90th pct $1,013 83rd pct
  • First area, 2016: $743
  • First area, 2021: $1,187
  • Second area, 2016: $737
  • Second area, 2021: $1,013
Household income in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm +$500 higher in Polish Hill River gap narrowing
$2,750 93rd pct $2,250 86th pct
  • First area, 2016: $1,958
  • First area, 2021: $2,750
  • Second area, 2016: $1,428
  • Second area, 2021: $2,250
Family income in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm even gap narrowing
$2,750 88th pct $2,750 88th pct
  • First area, 2016: $1,916
  • First area, 2021: $2,750
  • Second area, 2016: $1,812
  • Second area, 2021: $2,750
High earners in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm +9.2 pts higher in Spring Farm gap steady
14.3% 77th pct 23.5% 93rd pct
  • First area, 2016: 19.4%
  • First area, 2021: 14.3%
  • Second area, 2016: 9.5%
  • Second area, 2021: 23.5%
— 43.6% 96th pct
  • Second area, 2016: 17.5%
  • Second area, 2021: 43.6%

Household income distribution

0.0% $4,000 or more +25.6 pts ▸ 25.6%
0.0% Under $650 +23.1 pts ▸ 23.1%
21.4% $1,500–$2,999 +1.6 pts ▸ 23.1%
0.0% $3,000–$3,999 +17.9 pts ▸ 17.9%
0.0% $650–$1,499 +12.8 pts ▸ 12.8%

Personal income distribution

37.1% Under $650 ◂ +10.0 pts 27.2%
20.0% $650–$1,499 +9.6 pts ▸ 29.6%
22.9% $1,500–$2,999 +0.6 pts ▸ 23.5%
0.0% $3,000 or more +8.6 pts ▸ 8.6%

Health & Disability

Health condition in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm +0.1 pts higher in Spring Farm
23.7% 25th pct 23.8% 26th pct
Mental health in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm +5.7 pts higher in Spring Farm
0.0% 0th pct 5.7% 28th pct
Needs assistance in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm +2.9 pts higher in Spring Farm gap widening
0.0% 0th pct 2.9% 30th pct
  • First area, 2016: 0.0%
  • First area, 2021: 0.0%
  • Second area, 2016: 0.0%
  • Second area, 2021: 2.9%

Long-term health conditions reported

0.0% Asthma +12.4 pts ▸ 12.4%
7.9% Arthritis ◂ +2.2 pts 5.7%
7.9% Other condition ◂ +2.2 pts 5.7%
0.0% Mental health +5.7 pts ▸ 5.7%
0.0% Cancer +3.8 pts ▸ 3.8%
0.0% Diabetes +3.8 pts ▸ 3.8%
0.0% Heart disease +2.9 pts ▸ 2.9%
0.0% Dementia even 0.0%
0.0% Lung condition even 0.0%
0.0% Stroke even 0.0%

Number of long-term health conditions

63.2% None +2.6 pts ▸ 65.7%
15.8% One condition ◂ +0.6 pts 15.2%
7.9% Two conditions ◂ +4.1 pts 3.8%
0.0% Three or more even 0.0%

Community Participation

Volunteering in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm +19.3 pts higher in Polish Hill River gap widening
51.4% 100th pct 32.1% 88th pct
  • First area, 2016: 45.2%
  • First area, 2021: 51.4%
  • Second area, 2016: 39.3%
  • Second area, 2021: 32.1%
Unpaid carers in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm +3.8 pts higher in Spring Farm gap narrowing
8.6% 18th pct 12.3% 45th pct
  • First area, 2016: 25.8%
  • First area, 2021: 8.6%
  • Second area, 2016: 8.3%
  • Second area, 2021: 12.3%
Unpaid child care in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm +15.8 pts higher in Spring Farm gap widening
20.0% 26th pct 35.8% 88th pct
  • First area, 2016: 22.6%
  • First area, 2021: 20.0%
  • Second area, 2016: 35.7%
  • Second area, 2021: 35.8%
Defence service in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm even
0.0% 0th pct 0.0% 0th pct
Housework 15h+ in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm +6.4 pts higher in Spring Farm gap widening
25.7% 59th pct 32.1% 86th pct
  • First area, 2016: 29.0%
  • First area, 2021: 25.7%
  • Second area, 2016: 33.3%
  • Second area, 2021: 32.1%

First Nations

First Nations people in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm even
0 0th pct 0 0th pct

Family & Households

Household size in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm +0.2 larger in Polish Hill River gap steady
2.6 57th pct 2.4 43rd pct
  • First area, 2016: 2.3
  • First area, 2021: 2.6
  • Second area, 2016: 2.5
  • Second area, 2021: 2.4
One-parent in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm +17.1 pts higher in Polish Hill River gap widening
17.1% 79th pct 0.0% 0th pct
  • First area, 2016: 8.6%
  • First area, 2021: 17.1%
  • Second area, 2016: 0.0%
  • Second area, 2021: 0.0%
— 33.3% 80th pct
  • Second area, 2016: 20.0%
  • Second area, 2021: 33.3%

Family composition

37.1% Couples with children +35.9 pts ▸ 73.1%
42.9% Couples without children ◂ +15.9 pts 26.9%
17.1% One-parent families ◂ +17.1 pts 0.0%
0.0% Other families even 0.0%

Household size

57.1% 2 people ◂ +26.4 pts 30.8%
0.0% 1 person +33.3 pts ▸ 33.3%
28.6% 4 people ◂ +10.6 pts 17.9%
21.4% 3 people ◂ +13.7 pts 7.7%
0.0% 5 people +10.3 pts ▸ 10.3%
0.0% 6 or more even 0.0%

Housing & Dwellings

Rent in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm +$50 higher in Spring Farm gap narrowing
$200 25th pct $250 40th pct
  • First area, 2016: $75
  • First area, 2021: $200
  • Second area, 2016: $200
  • Second area, 2021: $250
— $1,800 61st pct
  • First area, 2016: $4,409
  • Second area, 2016: $2,000
  • Second area, 2021: $1,800
People / bedroom in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm +0.10 higher in Polish Hill River gap steady
0.80 43rd pct 0.70 14th pct
  • First area, 2016: 0.70
  • First area, 2021: 0.80
  • Second area, 2016: 0.90
  • Second area, 2021: 0.70
— 23.1% 67th pct
  • Second area, 2016: 10.0%
  • Second area, 2021: 23.1%
— 48.7% 72nd pct
  • Second area, 2016: 50.0%
  • Second area, 2021: 48.7%
— 94.9% 44th pct
  • Second area, 2016: 100.0%
  • Second area, 2021: 94.9%
— 97.4% 95th pct
  • Second area, 2016: 62.5%
  • Second area, 2021: 97.4%

How homes are owned or rented

35.7% Owned outright +13.0 pts ▸ 48.7%
21.4% Owned with a mortgage +24.7 pts ▸ 46.2%
0.0% Rented +23.1 pts ▸ 23.1%
21.4% Other tenure ◂ +21.4 pts 0.0%
0.0% Not stated even 0.0%

Types of homes

100.0% Separate house ◂ +5.1 pts 94.9%
0.0% Townhouse / semi-detached even 0.0%
0.0% Flat or apartment even 0.0%
0.0% Other dwelling even 0.0%

Bedrooms per home

21.4% 3 bedrooms +22.2 pts ▸ 43.6%
42.9% 4 bedrooms ◂ +9.5 pts 33.3%
21.4% 5 or more ◂ +0.9 pts 20.5%
0.0% 2 bedrooms +12.8 pts ▸ 12.8%
0.0% Studio / none even 0.0%
0.0% 1 bedroom even 0.0%

Monthly mortgage distribution

133.3% Under $1,000 ◂ +133.3 pts 0.0%
0.0% $1,800–$2,999 +38.9 pts ▸ 38.9%
0.0% $1,000–$1,799 +27.8 pts ▸ 27.8%
0.0% $3,000 or more even 0.0%

Transport & Vehicles

— 0.0% 0th pct
  • Second area, 2016: 0.0%
  • Second area, 2021: 0.0%
— 8.8% 22nd pct
  • First area, 2016: 19.0%
  • Second area, 2016: 7.7%
  • Second area, 2021: 8.8%
— 0.0% 0th pct
  • First area, 2016: 0.0%
  • Second area, 2016: 0.0%
  • Second area, 2021: 0.0%
0 0th pct 0 0th pct
0.00 0th pct 0.00 0th pct
0.0 0th pct 0.0 0th pct
0 0th pct 0 0th pct
Stop walk in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm +38 longer in Polish Hill River
71 91st pct 33 69th pct
Drive to city in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm +3 longer in Spring Farm
93 65th pct 96 66th pct

How people get to work

100.0% Car (driver) ◂ +19.3 pts 80.7%
0.0% Worked at home +8.8 pts ▸ 8.8%
0.0% Car (passenger) +5.3 pts ▸ 5.3%
0.0% Train even 0.0%
0.0% Bus even 0.0%
0.0% Bicycle even 0.0%
0.0% Walked even 0.0%

Motor vehicles per home

35.7% 2 vehicles +6.4 pts ▸ 42.1%
35.7% 3 vehicles ◂ +22.6 pts 13.2%
0.0% 1 vehicle +31.6 pts ▸ 31.6%
28.6% 4 or more ◂ +10.2 pts 18.4%
0.0% No vehicle even 0.0%

Migration & Movement

Recent movers in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm +16.5 pts higher in Spring Farm gap widening
15.8% 10th pct 32.3% 55th pct
  • First area, 2016: 43.2%
  • First area, 2021: 15.8%
  • Second area, 2016: 42.1%
  • Second area, 2021: 32.3%

Jobs & Industry

— 0.0% 0th pct
  • First area, 2016: 0.0%
  • Second area, 2016: 0.0%
  • Second area, 2021: 0.0%
Participation in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm +18.6 pts higher in Spring Farm gap widening
54.3% 30th pct 72.8% 87th pct
  • First area, 2016: 71.0%
  • First area, 2021: 54.3%
  • Second area, 2016: 61.9%
  • Second area, 2021: 72.8%
— 47.4% 11th pct
  • First area, 2016: 61.9%
  • Second area, 2016: 53.8%
  • Second area, 2021: 47.4%

Industries people work in

47.4% Agriculture, forestry & fishing ◂ +42.1 pts 5.3%
26.3% Manufacturing even 26.3%
26.3% Construction ◂ +8.8 pts 17.5%
15.8% Accommodation & food ◂ +15.8 pts 0.0%
15.8% Education & training ◂ +5.3 pts 10.5%
0.0% Other services +8.8 pts ▸ 8.8%
0.0% Rental & real estate +7.0 pts ▸ 7.0%
0.0% Public administration & safety +7.0 pts ▸ 7.0%
0.0% Health care & social assistance +7.0 pts ▸ 7.0%
0.0% Retail trade +5.3 pts ▸ 5.3%
0.0% Professional & technical +5.3 pts ▸ 5.3%
0.0% Mining even 0.0%

Occupations people work in

47.4% Managers ◂ +26.3 pts 21.1%
0.0% Professionals +19.3 pts ▸ 19.3%
15.8% Technicians & trades +3.5 pts ▸ 19.3%
15.8% Community & personal service ◂ +15.8 pts 0.0%
0.0% Sales workers +14.0 pts ▸ 14.0%
0.0% Labourers +10.5 pts ▸ 10.5%
0.0% Clerical & administrative even 0.0%
0.0% Machinery operators & drivers even 0.0%

Walkability

Walk score in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm +0.4 higher in Spring Farm
0.1 33rd pct 0.4 50th pct
Types ≤15 min in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm +0.2 more in Spring Farm
0.0 33rd pct 0.2 44th pct
15-min city in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm +1.1 pts higher in Spring Farm
0.0% 0th pct 1.1% 58th pct
Walk to shops in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm +1.1 pts higher in Spring Farm
0.0% 0th pct 1.1% 58th pct
Walk to transit in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm even
0.0% 0th pct 0.0% 0th pct
0.0% 0th pct 0.0% 0th pct
Walk to a park in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm +6.6 pts higher in Spring Farm
0.0% 0th pct 6.6% 45th pct
0.0% 0th pct 0.0% 0th pct
Amenities/1k in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm +26.3 more in Polish Hill River
26.3 70th pct 0.0 0th pct
Intersections/km² in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm +1 higher in Spring Farm
1 51st pct 2 60th pct
Mean slope in Polish Hill Riverin Spring Farm +1.1 pts higher in Spring Farm
7.0% 63rd pct 8.1% 71st pct

Compare Polish Hill River with nearby areas

Compare Spring Farm with nearby areas

Cite this page

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2021). Polish Hill River vs Spring Farm [Census of Population and Housing]. CensusAtlas, used under CC BY 4.0. https://censusatlas.au/compare/sal/SAL41177/polish-hill-river/vs/SAL41361/spring-farm